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Range (computer programming)

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In <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, the term range may refer to one of three things:

<ol><li>The possible values that may be stored in a <a href="Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">variable</a>.</li>

<li>The upper and lower bounds of an <a href="Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">array</a>.</li>

<li>An alternative to <a href="Iterator" title="Iterator">iterator</a>.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range_of_a_variable">Range of a variable</h2></div>

The range of a variable is given as the set of possible values that that variable can hold. In the case of an integer, the variable definition is restricted to whole numbers only, and the range will cover every number within its range (including the maximum and minimum). For example, the range of a <a href="Signedness" title="Signedness">signed</a> <a href="16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> <a href="Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">integer</a> variable is all the integers from −32,768 to +32,767.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range_of_an_array">Range of an array</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Array_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">Array data type § Indexing notation</a></div>

When an array is numerically indexed, its range is the upper and lower bound of the array. Depending on the environment, a warning, a <a href="Fatal_exception" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatal exception">fatal exception</a>, or unpredictable behavior will occur if the program attempts to access an array element that is outside the range. In some <a href="Programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming languages">programming languages</a>, such as <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, arrays have a fixed lower bound (zero) and will contain data at each position up to the upper bound (so an array with 5 elements will have a range of 0 to 4). In others, such as <a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, an array may have holes where no element is defined, and therefore an array with a range of 0 to 4 will have up to 5 elements (and a minimum of 2).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range_as_an_alternative_to_iterator">Range as an alternative to iterator</h2></div>

Another meaning of range in computer science is an alternative to <a href="Iterator" title="Iterator">iterator</a>. When used in this sense, range is defined as "a pair of begin/end iterators packed together".<a href="#cite_note-itersmustgo-1">[1]</a> It is argued <a href="#cite_note-itersmustgo-1">[1]</a> that "Ranges are a superior abstraction" (compared to iterators) for several reasons, including better safety.

In particular, such ranges are supported in <a href="C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="Boost_C%2B%2B_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Boost C++ Libraries">Boost C++ Libraries</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and the <a href="D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a> standard library.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range_as_a_data_type">Range as a data type</h2></div>

A data type for ranges can be implemented using <a href="Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generics</a>.

Example in <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>public record Range<T>(T Start, T End) where T : IComparable;

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Example in <a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a>.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-kotlin mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>data class Range<T: Comparable<T>>(val start: T, val end: T)

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Example in <a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-php mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>readonly class Range<T> {

public function __construct(

public T $start,

public T $end,

) {}

}

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Example in <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass

class Range[T]:

start: T

end: T

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<a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> has a built-in range struct in the standard library in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style>std::ops::Range.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range_as_a_operator">Range as a operator</h2></div>

<a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> has the .. and ..= operators.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let heartwarming = "heartwarming!".to_string();

let warm = &heartwarming[5..9];

</pre></div>

<a href="Zig_(programming_language)" title="Zig (programming language)">Zig</a> also has the .. operator.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-zig mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// To iterate over consecutive integers, use the range syntax.

var sum: usize = 0;

for (0..5) |i| {

sum += i;

}

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As does <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>string items[] = ["one","two","three","four"];

string first_three_items[] = items[0..2];

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<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>[1..4]

// Outputs: [1; 2; 3; 4]

</pre></div>

<a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-kotlin mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>for (i in 1..5) print(i)

</pre></div>

and <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-perl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>for( 1..5) { print }

</pre></div>

<a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and <a href="PHP_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="PHP (programming language)">PHP</a> does not have any range operator but they do have a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">range</code> function.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interval_(mathematics)" title="Interval (mathematics)">Interval</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrei_Alexandrescu2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Andrei_Alexandrescu" title="Andrei Alexandrescu">Andrei Alexandrescu</a> (6 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://accu.org/content/conf2009/AndreiAlexandrescu_iterators-must-go.pdf">"Iterators Must Go"</a> (PDF). BoostCon 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/ranges">cppreference</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boost.org/libs/range/index.html">Boost.Range documentation</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlang.org/phobos/std_range.html">D Phobos Runtime Library std.range module</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/struct.Range.html">"Range in std::ops - Rust"</a>. doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved 17 October 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBillWagner2023" class="citation web cs1">BillWagner (14 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/tutorials/ranges-indexes">"Explore ranges of data using indices and ranges - C#"</a>. learn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2025-02-22.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://camilotk.github.io/fsharp-by-example/chapters/range-operator/">"Range Operator"</a>. F# by example. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 2025-02-22.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/ranges.html#progression">"Ranges and progressions - Kotlin"</a>. Kotlin Help. Retrieved 2025-02-22.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perldoc.perl.org/perlop#Range-Operators">"perlop - Perl expressions: operators, precedence, string literals - Perldoc Browser"</a>. perldoc.perl.org. Retrieved 2025-02-22.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-range">"Built-in Functions"</a>. Python documentation. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 17 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.range.php">"PHP: range - Manual"</a>. The PHP Documentation Group. Retrieved 17 December 2024.</cite>

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